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Metric Results

[ summary ] [ packages ] [ cycles ] [ explanations ]

The following document contains the results of a JDepend metric analysis. The various metrics are defined at the bottom of this document.

Summary

[ summary ] [ packages ] [ cycles ] [ explanations ]

Package TC CC AC Ca Ce A I D V org.apache.turbine 3 1 2 15 4 67.0% 21.0% 12.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.annotation 9 1 8 2 2 89.0% 50.0% 39.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.modules 9 0 9 16 4 100.0% 20.0% 20.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.modules.actions 8 3 5 0 19 62.0% 100.0% 62.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator 5 3 2 0 12 40.0% 100.0% 40.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.modules.layouts 4 3 1 0 9 25.0% 100.0% 25.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.modules.navigations 3 1 2 0 5 67.0% 100.0% 67.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.modules.pages 4 3 1 0 11 25.0% 100.0% 25.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.modules.screens 11 5 6 1 17 55.0% 94.0% 49.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.error 2 1 1 0 7 50.0% 100.0% 50.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.om 4 1 3 0 7 75.0% 100.0% 75.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.om.security 4 1 3 8 8 75.0% 50.0% 25.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.pipeline 16 11 5 19 18 31.0% 49.0% 20.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services 16 6 10 25 9 62.0% 26.0% 11.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker 2 0 2 0 5 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util 2 0 2 2 2 100.0% 50.0% 50.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.java 8 6 2 0 8 25.0% 100.0% 25.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.python 6 5 1 0 2 17.0% 100.0% 17.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.avaloncomponent 2 0 2 0 3 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.intake 1 0 1 0 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.jsonrpc 3 1 2 1 5 67.0% 83.0% 50.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.jsp 2 0 2 1 4 100.0% 80.0% 80.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.jsp.util 1 0 1 0 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.localization 5 2 3 1 14 60.000004% 93.0% 52.999996% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.naming 3 1 2 0 7 67.0% 100.0% 67.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.pull 6 1 5 7 5 83.0% 42.0% 25.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.pull.tools 3 2 1 1 9 33.0% 90.0% 23.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.pull.util 4 3 1 0 15 25.0% 100.0% 25.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.rundata 3 0 3 1 7 100.0% 88.0% 88.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.schedule 13 8 5 1 17 38.0% 94.0% 33.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.security 4 1 3 4 16 75.0% 80.0% 55.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.security.passive 2 1 1 1 7 50.0% 88.0% 38.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.servlet 2 0 2 0 5 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.session 5 3 2 0 8 40.0% 100.0% 40.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.template 4 0 4 4 5 100.0% 56.0% 56.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper 10 6 4 0 8 40.0% 100.0% 40.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.ui 2 0 2 0 3 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.uniqueid 2 0 2 0 2 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper 4 2 2 0 9 50.0% 100.0% 50.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper.model 5 4 1 0 5 20.0% 100.0% 20.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.services.velocity 2 0 2 5 6 100.0% 55.0% 55.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.util 11 8 3 26 25 27.000002% 49.0% 24.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.util.template 6 5 1 6 17 17.0% 74.0% 9.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.util.uri 5 1 4 5 3 80.0% 38.0% 17.0% 1 org.apache.turbine.util.velocity 4 2 2 1 15 50.0% 94.0% 44.0% 1

Packages

[ summary ] [ packages ] [ cycles ] [ explanations ]

org.apache.turbine

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 15 4 67.0% 21.0% 12.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.TurbineConstants
org.apache.turbine.package-info
org.apache.turbine.Turbine$ConfigurationStyle
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator
org.apache.turbine.modules.layouts
org.apache.turbine.modules.pages
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens
org.apache.turbine.om
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.localization
org.apache.turbine.services.naming
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.tools
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.util
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.template
org.apache.turbine.util.uri
org.apache.turbine.util.velocity
java.lang
java.nio.charset
java.util
org.apache.turbine.pipeline

org.apache.turbine.annotation

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 2 2 89.0% 50.0% 39.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.annotation.TurbineActionEvent
org.apache.turbine.annotation.TurbineConfiguration
org.apache.turbine.annotation.TurbineLoader
org.apache.turbine.annotation.TurbineRequiredPermission
org.apache.turbine.annotation.TurbineRequiredRole
org.apache.turbine.annotation.TurbineService
org.apache.turbine.annotation.TurbineTool
org.apache.turbine.annotation.package-info
org.apache.turbine.annotation.AnnotationProcessor$ConditionType
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services
java.lang
java.lang.annotation

org.apache.turbine.modules

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 16 4 100.0% 20.0% 20.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.modules.Action
org.apache.turbine.modules.Assembler
org.apache.turbine.modules.Layout
org.apache.turbine.modules.Loader
org.apache.turbine.modules.Navigation
org.apache.turbine.modules.Page
org.apache.turbine.modules.ScheduledJob
org.apache.turbine.modules.Screen
org.apache.turbine.modules.package-info
None org.apache.turbine.modules.actions
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator
org.apache.turbine.modules.layouts
org.apache.turbine.modules.navigations
org.apache.turbine.modules.pages
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.error
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.java
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.python
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper
org.apache.turbine.util.template
org.apache.turbine.util.velocity
java.lang
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule
org.apache.turbine.util

org.apache.turbine.modules.actions

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 19 62.0% 100.0% 62.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.LegacyVelocityAction
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.LegacyVelocitySecureAction
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.VelocityAction
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.VelocitySecureAction
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.package-info
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.InitContextsAction
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.LoginUser
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.LogoutUser
None jakarta.servlet.http
java.lang
java.util
javax.naming
org.apache.commons.configuration2
org.apache.commons.lang3
org.apache.fulcrum.parser
org.apache.fulcrum.security.util
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens
org.apache.turbine.om.security
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.security
org.apache.turbine.services.velocity
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.velocity
org.apache.velocity.context

org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 12 40.0% 100.0% 40.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator.SessionValidator
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator.package-info
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator.DefaultSessionValidator
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator.TemplateSecureSessionValidator
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator.TemplateSessionValidator
None java.lang
java.util
org.apache.commons.lang3
org.apache.fulcrum.parser
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.om.security
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.security
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.template

org.apache.turbine.modules.layouts

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 9 25.0% 100.0% 25.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.modules.layouts.package-info
org.apache.turbine.modules.layouts.DirectResponseLayout
org.apache.turbine.modules.layouts.VelocityDirectLayout
org.apache.turbine.modules.layouts.VelocityOnlyLayout
None java.lang
org.apache.commons.lang3
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.template
org.apache.velocity.context

org.apache.turbine.modules.navigations

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 5 67.0% 100.0% 67.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.modules.navigations.TemplateNavigation
org.apache.turbine.modules.navigations.package-info
org.apache.turbine.modules.navigations.LegacyVelocityNavigation
None java.lang
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.velocity.context

org.apache.turbine.modules.pages

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 11 25.0% 100.0% 25.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.modules.pages.package-info
org.apache.turbine.modules.pages.DefaultPage
org.apache.turbine.modules.pages.JspPage
org.apache.turbine.modules.pages.VelocityPage
None jakarta.servlet.http
java.lang
org.apache.commons.lang3
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.jsp
org.apache.turbine.services.velocity
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.template

org.apache.turbine.modules.screens

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 1 17 55.0% 94.0% 49.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.JSONSecureScreen
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.LegacyVelocitySecureScreen
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.RawScreen
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.TemplateScreen
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.VelocitySecureScreen
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.package-info
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.JSONScreen
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.JspErrorScreen
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.LegacyVelocityScreen
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.PlainJSONScreen
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.VelocityErrorScreen
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions
jakarta.servlet.http
java.io
java.lang
java.nio.charset
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.jsonrpc
org.apache.turbine.services.template
org.apache.turbine.services.velocity
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.template
org.apache.velocity.context
org.jabsorb
org.slf4j

org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.error

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 7 50.0% 100.0% 50.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.error.package-info
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.error.InvalidState
None java.lang
org.apache.fulcrum.parser
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.om.security
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.uri

org.apache.turbine.om

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 7 75.0% 100.0% 75.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.om.Retrievable
org.apache.turbine.om.Retriever
org.apache.turbine.om.RetrieverFactory
org.apache.turbine.om.OMTool
None java.lang
java.lang.reflect
java.util.concurrent
org.apache.commons.configuration2
org.apache.fulcrum.pool
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.pull

org.apache.turbine.om.security

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 8 8 75.0% 50.0% 25.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.om.security.TurbineUserDelegate
org.apache.turbine.om.security.User
org.apache.turbine.om.security.package-info
org.apache.turbine.om.security.DefaultUserImpl
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.error
org.apache.turbine.services.security
org.apache.turbine.services.security.passive
org.apache.turbine.services.session
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.template
jakarta.servlet.http
java.lang
java.util
org.apache.fulcrum.security.model.turbine.entity
org.apache.fulcrum.security.util
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.security
org.apache.turbine.util

org.apache.turbine.pipeline

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 19 18 31.0% 49.0% 20.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.pipeline.Pipeline
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.PipelineData
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.Valve
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.ValveContext
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.package-info
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.CleanUpValve
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.DefaultACLCreationValve
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.DefaultLoginValve
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.DefaultPipelineData
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.DefaultSessionTimeoutValve
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.DefaultSessionValidationValve
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.DetermineRedirectRequestedValve
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.ExecutePageValve
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.TurbinePipeline
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.XmlValve
org.apache.turbine.pipeline.XmlValveAdapter
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator
org.apache.turbine.modules.layouts
org.apache.turbine.modules.navigations
org.apache.turbine.modules.pages
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.error
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.jsp
org.apache.turbine.services.pull
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.tools
org.apache.turbine.services.template
org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper
org.apache.turbine.services.velocity
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.template
org.apache.turbine.util.velocity
jakarta.servlet.http
jakarta.xml.bind.annotation.adapters
java.io
java.lang
java.lang.reflect
java.util
java.util.concurrent
org.apache.commons.lang3
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.annotation
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.rundata
org.apache.turbine.services.template
org.apache.turbine.services.velocity
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.template

org.apache.turbine.services

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 25 9 62.0% 26.0% 11.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.FieldAnnotatedTurbineBaseService
org.apache.turbine.services.Initable
org.apache.turbine.services.InitableBroker
org.apache.turbine.services.MethodAnnotatedTurbineBaseService
org.apache.turbine.services.Service
org.apache.turbine.services.ServiceBroker
org.apache.turbine.services.ServiceManager
org.apache.turbine.services.TurbineBaseService
org.apache.turbine.services.TurbineServiceProvider
org.apache.turbine.services.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.BaseInitable
org.apache.turbine.services.BaseService
org.apache.turbine.services.BaseUnicastRemoteService
org.apache.turbine.services.InitializationException
org.apache.turbine.services.InstantiationException
org.apache.turbine.services.TurbineServices
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens
org.apache.turbine.om.security
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker
org.apache.turbine.services.avaloncomponent
org.apache.turbine.services.jsonrpc
org.apache.turbine.services.jsp
org.apache.turbine.services.localization
org.apache.turbine.services.naming
org.apache.turbine.services.pull
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.util
org.apache.turbine.services.rundata
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule
org.apache.turbine.services.security
org.apache.turbine.services.servlet
org.apache.turbine.services.session
org.apache.turbine.services.template
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper
org.apache.turbine.services.ui
org.apache.turbine.services.uniqueid
org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper
org.apache.turbine.services.velocity
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.template
org.apache.turbine.util.velocity
java.lang
java.rmi
java.rmi.server
java.util
org.apache.commons.configuration2
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine.annotation
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.util

org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 5 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.AssemblerBrokerService
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.package-info
None None java.lang
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util
org.apache.turbine.util

org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 2 2 100.0% 50.0% 50.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.AssemblerFactory
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.package-info
None org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.java
java.lang
org.apache.turbine.modules

org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.java

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 8 25.0% 100.0% 25.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.java.JavaBaseFactory
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.java.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.java.JavaActionFactory
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.java.JavaLayoutFactory
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.java.JavaNavigationFactory
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.java.JavaPageFactory
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.java.JavaScheduledJobFactory
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.java.JavaScreenFactory
None java.lang
java.lang.reflect
java.util
java.util.concurrent
org.apache.commons.lang3
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util

org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.python

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 2 17.0% 100.0% 17.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.python.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.python.PythonActionFactory
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.python.PythonLayoutFactory
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.python.PythonNavigationFactory
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.python.PythonPageFactory
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.python.PythonScreenFactory
None java.lang
org.apache.turbine.modules

org.apache.turbine.services.avaloncomponent

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 3 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.avaloncomponent.AvalonComponentService
org.apache.turbine.services.avaloncomponent.package-info
None None java.lang
org.apache.avalon.framework.service
org.apache.turbine.services

org.apache.turbine.services.intake

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.intake.package-info
None None java.lang

org.apache.turbine.services.jsonrpc

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 1 5 67.0% 83.0% 50.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.jsonrpc.JsonRpcService
org.apache.turbine.services.jsonrpc.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.jsonrpc.TurbineJsonRpcService
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens
jakarta.servlet.http
java.io
java.lang
org.apache.turbine.services
org.jabsorb

org.apache.turbine.services.jsp

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 1 4 100.0% 80.0% 80.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.jsp.JspService
org.apache.turbine.services.jsp.package-info
None org.apache.turbine.modules.pages
java.lang
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util

org.apache.turbine.services.jsp.util

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 1 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.jsp.util.package-info
None None java.lang

org.apache.turbine.services.localization

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 1 14 60.000004% 93.0% 52.999996% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.localization.DateTimeFormatterInterface
org.apache.turbine.services.localization.RundataLocalizationInterface
org.apache.turbine.services.localization.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.localization.DateTimeFormatterService
org.apache.turbine.services.localization.LocalizationTool
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.util
java.io
java.lang
java.time
java.time.format
java.time.temporal
java.util
org.apache.commons.configuration2
org.apache.commons.lang3
org.apache.fulcrum.localization
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.pull
org.apache.turbine.util

org.apache.turbine.services.naming

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 7 67.0% 100.0% 67.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.naming.NamingService
org.apache.turbine.services.naming.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.naming.TurbineNamingService
None java.lang
java.util
javax.naming
org.apache.commons.configuration2
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services

org.apache.turbine.services.pull

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 7 5 83.0% 42.0% 25.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.pull.ApplicationTool
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.PipelineDataApplicationTool
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.PullService
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.RunDataApplicationTool
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.TurbinePullService$ToolData
org.apache.turbine.om
org.apache.turbine.services.localization
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.tools
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.util
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule
org.apache.turbine.services.session
org.apache.turbine.util.template
java.lang
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.velocity.context

org.apache.turbine.services.pull.tools

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 1 9 33.0% 90.0% 23.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.pull.tools.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.tools.ContentTool
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.tools.TemplateLink
org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper
java.lang
org.apache.commons.configuration2
org.apache.fulcrum.parser
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.pull
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.uri

org.apache.turbine.services.pull.util

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 15 25.0% 100.0% 25.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.pull.util.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.util.DateFormatter
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.util.DateTimeFormatterTool
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.util.SessionData
None java.lang
java.text
java.time
java.time.format
java.time.temporal
java.util
org.apache.commons.configuration2
org.apache.commons.lang3
org.apache.fulcrum.localization
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.localization
org.apache.turbine.services.pull
org.apache.turbine.util

org.apache.turbine.services.rundata

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 1 7 100.0% 88.0% 88.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.rundata.RunDataService
org.apache.turbine.services.rundata.TurbineRunData
org.apache.turbine.services.rundata.package-info
None org.apache.turbine.pipeline
jakarta.servlet
jakarta.servlet.http
java.lang
org.apache.fulcrum.parser
org.apache.fulcrum.pool
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util

org.apache.turbine.services.schedule

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 1 17 38.0% 94.0% 33.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.schedule.BaseJobEntryTorque
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule.BaseJobEntryTorquePeer
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule.JobEntry
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule.ScheduleService
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule.AbstractJobEntry$ScheduleType
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule.JobEntryNonPersistent
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule.JobEntryTorque
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule.JobEntryTorquePeer
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule.JobEntryTorquePeerImpl
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule.JobEntryTorqueRecordMapper
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule.SchedulerTool
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule.WorkerThread
org.apache.turbine.modules
java.io
java.lang
java.sql
java.util
java.util.stream
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.torque
org.apache.torque.adapter
org.apache.torque.criteria
org.apache.torque.map
org.apache.torque.om
org.apache.torque.om.mapper
org.apache.torque.util
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.pull
org.apache.turbine.util

org.apache.turbine.services.security

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 4 16 75.0% 80.0% 55.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.security.SecurityService
org.apache.turbine.services.security.UserManager
org.apache.turbine.services.security.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.security.DefaultSecurityService
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator
org.apache.turbine.om.security
org.apache.turbine.services.security.passive
java.lang
java.lang.reflect
java.util
java.util.concurrent.atomic
org.apache.commons.configuration2
org.apache.fulcrum.security
org.apache.fulcrum.security.acl
org.apache.fulcrum.security.entity
org.apache.fulcrum.security.model.turbine
org.apache.fulcrum.security.model.turbine.entity
org.apache.fulcrum.security.util
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.torque.avalon
org.apache.turbine.om.security
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.security.passive

org.apache.turbine.services.security.passive

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 1 7 50.0% 88.0% 38.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.security.passive.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.security.passive.PassiveUserManager
org.apache.turbine.services.security
java.lang
java.util
org.apache.commons.configuration2
org.apache.fulcrum.security.acl
org.apache.fulcrum.security.util
org.apache.turbine.om.security
org.apache.turbine.services.security

org.apache.turbine.services.servlet

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 5 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.servlet.ServletService
org.apache.turbine.services.servlet.package-info
None None jakarta.servlet
java.io
java.lang
java.net
org.apache.turbine.services

org.apache.turbine.services.session

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 8 40.0% 100.0% 40.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.session.SessionService
org.apache.turbine.services.session.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.session.SessionListener
org.apache.turbine.services.session.SessionTool
org.apache.turbine.services.session.TurbineSessionService
None jakarta.servlet.http
java.io
java.lang
java.util
java.util.concurrent
org.apache.turbine.om.security
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.pull

org.apache.turbine.services.template

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 4 5 100.0% 56.0% 56.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.template.BaseTemplateEngineService
org.apache.turbine.services.template.TemplateEngineService
org.apache.turbine.services.template.TemplateService
org.apache.turbine.services.template.package-info
None org.apache.turbine.modules.screens
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper
org.apache.turbine.util.template
java.lang
java.util
org.apache.commons.configuration2
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services

org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 8 40.0% 100.0% 40.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper.BaseMapper
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper.BaseTemplateMapper
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper.Mapper
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper.ClassMapper
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper.DirectMapper
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper.DirectTemplateMapper
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper.LayoutTemplateMapper
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper.ScreenDefaultTemplateMapper
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper.ScreenTemplateMapper
None java.lang
java.util
org.apache.commons.lang3
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.template
org.apache.turbine.util

org.apache.turbine.services.ui

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 3 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.ui.UIService
org.apache.turbine.services.ui.package-info
None None java.lang
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util

org.apache.turbine.services.uniqueid

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 2 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.uniqueid.UniqueIdService
org.apache.turbine.services.uniqueid.package-info
None None java.lang
org.apache.turbine.services

org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 9 50.0% 100.0% 50.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper.URLMapperService
org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper.MappedTemplateLink
org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper.URLMapperValve
None jakarta.servlet.http
java.io
java.lang
org.apache.fulcrum.parser
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.tools
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.uri

org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper.model

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 0 5 20.0% 100.0% 20.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper.model.package-info
org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper.model.URLMappingContainer
org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper.model.XmlParameterList
org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper.model.XmlParameterList$XmlParameter
org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper.model.XmlPatternAdapter
None jakarta.xml.bind.annotation.adapters
java.lang
java.util
java.util.concurrent
java.util.regex

org.apache.turbine.services.velocity

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 5 6 100.0% 55.0% 55.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.services.velocity.VelocityService
org.apache.turbine.services.velocity.package-info
None org.apache.turbine.modules.actions
org.apache.turbine.modules.pages
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.util.velocity
java.io
java.lang
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.velocity.context

org.apache.turbine.util

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 26 25 27.000002% 49.0% 24.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.util.InputFilterUtils
org.apache.turbine.util.RunData
org.apache.turbine.util.package-info
org.apache.turbine.util.HttpUtils
org.apache.turbine.util.LocaleUtils
org.apache.turbine.util.SecurityCheck
org.apache.turbine.util.ServerData
org.apache.turbine.util.SystemError
org.apache.turbine.util.TurbineException
org.apache.turbine.util.TurbineRuntimeException
org.apache.turbine.util.TurbineXmlConfig
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator
org.apache.turbine.modules.layouts
org.apache.turbine.modules.navigations
org.apache.turbine.modules.pages
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.error
org.apache.turbine.om.security
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker
org.apache.turbine.services.jsp
org.apache.turbine.services.localization
org.apache.turbine.services.pull
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.tools
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.util
org.apache.turbine.services.rundata
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper
org.apache.turbine.services.ui
org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper
org.apache.turbine.services.velocity
org.apache.turbine.util.template
org.apache.turbine.util.uri
org.apache.turbine.util.velocity
jakarta.servlet
jakarta.servlet.http
java.io
java.lang
java.nio.charset
java.util
java.util.regex
org.apache.commons.configuration2
org.apache.commons.lang3
org.apache.commons.lang3.time
org.apache.commons.text
org.apache.fulcrum.mimetype
org.apache.fulcrum.parser
org.apache.fulcrum.security
org.apache.fulcrum.security.acl
org.apache.fulcrum.security.entity
org.apache.fulcrum.security.model.turbine
org.apache.fulcrum.security.util
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.om.security
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util.template
org.apache.turbine.util.uri

org.apache.turbine.util.template

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 6 17 17.0% 74.0% 9.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.util.template.package-info
org.apache.turbine.util.template.HtmlPageAttributes
org.apache.turbine.util.template.HtmlPageAttributes$LinkTag
org.apache.turbine.util.template.TemplateInfo
org.apache.turbine.util.template.TemplateScreen
org.apache.turbine.util.template.TemplateSecurityCheck
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator
org.apache.turbine.modules.layouts
org.apache.turbine.modules.pages
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.util
java.lang
java.util
org.apache.commons.configuration2
org.apache.commons.lang3
org.apache.fulcrum.parser
org.apache.fulcrum.security.entity
org.apache.fulcrum.security.model.turbine
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.om.security
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.pull
org.apache.turbine.services.template
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.uri

org.apache.turbine.util.uri

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 5 3 80.0% 38.0% 17.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.util.uri.URI
org.apache.turbine.util.uri.URIConstants
org.apache.turbine.util.uri.URIUtils
org.apache.turbine.util.uri.package-info
org.apache.turbine.util.uri.DataURI
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.error
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.tools
org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine.util.template
java.lang
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.util

org.apache.turbine.util.velocity

Afferent Couplings Efferent Couplings Abstractness Instability Distance 1 15 50.0% 94.0% 44.0% Abstract Classes Concrete Classes Used by Packages Uses Packages org.apache.turbine.util.velocity.VelocityActionEvent
org.apache.turbine.util.velocity.package-info
org.apache.turbine.util.velocity.VelocityEmail
org.apache.turbine.util.velocity.VelocityEmailException
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions
java.lang
org.apache.commons.configuration2
org.apache.commons.lang3
org.apache.commons.mail2.core
org.apache.commons.mail2.jakarta
org.apache.commons.text
org.apache.fulcrum.parser
org.apache.logging.log4j
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.services.velocity
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.velocity.context

Cycles

[ summary ] [ packages ] [ cycles ] [ explanations ]

Package Package Dependencies org.apache.turbine org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.modules org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.modules.actions.sessionvalidator org.apache.turbine.services.security
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.modules.layouts org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.modules.navigations org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.modules.pages org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens org.apache.turbine.services.jsonrpc
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.modules.screens.error org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.om org.apache.turbine.services.pull
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.om.security org.apache.turbine.services.security
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.java org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.assemblerbroker.util.python org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.avaloncomponent org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.jsonrpc org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.jsp org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.localization org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.naming org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.pull org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.tools org.apache.turbine.services.pull
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.pull.util org.apache.turbine.services.pull
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.rundata org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.schedule org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.security org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.security.passive org.apache.turbine.services.security
org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.servlet org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.session org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.template org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.template.mapper org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.ui org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.uniqueid org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.services.urlmapper org.apache.turbine.services.pull.tools
org.apache.turbine.services.pull
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.services.velocity org.apache.turbine.services
org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.util org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.util.template org.apache.turbine.services.pull
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine.util.uri org.apache.turbine.util
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.util.velocity org.apache.turbine.modules
org.apache.turbine.pipeline
org.apache.turbine
org.apache.turbine.pipeline

Explanation

[ summary ] [ packages ] [ cycles ] [ explanations ]

The following explanations are for quick reference and are lifted directly from the original JDepend documentation.

Term Description Number of Classes The number of concrete and abstract classes (and interfaces) in the package is an indicator of the extensibility of the package. Afferent Couplings The number of other packages that depend upon classes within the package is an indicator of the package's responsibility. Efferent Couplings The number of other packages that the classes in the package depend upon is an indicator of the package's independence. Abstractness The ratio of the number of abstract classes (and interfaces) in the analyzed package to the total number of classes in the analyzed package. The range for this metric is 0 to 1, with A=0 indicating a completely concrete package and A=1 indicating a completely abstract package. Instability The ratio of efferent coupling (Ce) to total coupling (Ce / (Ce + Ca)). This metric is an indicator of the package's resilience to change. The range for this metric is 0 to 1, with I=0 indicating a completely stable package and I=1 indicating a completely instable package. Distance The perpendicular distance of a package from the idealized line A + I = 1. This metric is an indicator of the package's balance between abstractness and stability. A package squarely on the main sequence is optimally balanced with respect to its abstractness and stability. Ideal packages are either completely abstract and stable (x=0, y=1) or completely concrete and instable (x=1, y=0). The range for this metric is 0 to 1, with D=0 indicating a package that is coincident with the main sequence and D=1 indicating a package that is as far from the main sequence as possible. Cycles Packages participating in a package dependency cycle are in a deadly embrace with respect to reusability and their release cycle. Package dependency cycles can be easily identified by reviewing the textual reports of dependency cycles. Once these dependency cycles have been identified with JDepend, they can be broken by employing various object-oriented techniques.